1 Introduction

Introduction

Part I: Consumer Decision Making and Tourist Experiences

Tourist Search and Marketing Communications

Consumption, Tourist Decision Making and Experiences

Part II: Destination Image, Positioning and Branding

Destination Image

Destination Positioning

Destination Branding

Part III: Destination Stakeholders and Networks

References

2 Advertising and Word of Mouth in Tourism, a Simulation Study

Introduction

Modeling Advertising and Word of Mouth

Methodology

Results

Figure 2.1:The results of the simulations of the ADV process. FUP is the fraction of elements with spin=+1, H is the external magnetic field, T is the temperature

Figure 2.2:The simulation of the WOM process. The curve represents the fraction of informed individuals (FIN) at each time step (tSTEP)

Conclusion

References

3 Infosource Scale: a Measure to Assess External Tourism Information Sources’ Importance

Introduction

The Infosource Scale

Information from Mass Media

Information from Brochures

Information from Institutional Brochures

Information from Commercial Brochures

Travel Agents

The Internet

Methodology

Data Analysis

Conclusion

Limitations and Directions for Future Research

Appendix

Table 3. 1: The INFOSOURCE scale – Constructs, scale items and reliabilities

References

4 European Tourist Destinations in Internet Search Engines: a Comparison

Introduction

The Competitiveness of Tourist Destinations and the Internet

The Influence of Search Engines on Online Tourist Travel Planning and on the Presence of Tourism

Methodology

Table 4.1: European Tourist Destinations According to Number of Visitors

Results

Table 4.2: Representation of tourism in European destinations (capital cities) in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask.

Table 4.2: Representation of tourism in European destinations (capital cities) in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask.

Table 4.3: Representation of tourism in European destinations (non-capital cities) in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask

Table 4.3: Representation of tourism in European destinations (non-capital cities) in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask

Table 4.4: Highest presence of tourist categories for European capitals in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask

Table 4.4: Highest presence of tourist categories for European capitals in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask

Table 4.6: Highest presence of tourist categories for European non-capitals in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask

Table 4.6: Highest presence of tourist categories for European non-capitals in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask

Table 4.7: Lowest presence of tourist categories for European non-capitals in Google, Yahoo, Microsoft and Ask

Conclusions

References

5 Rejuvenating Touristic Consumption:

Introduction

Model 1: The Cognitive Approach

Figure 5.1: The cognitive approach

Model 2: The Emotional Approach

Figure 5.2: The emotional approach

Figure 5.2: The emotional approach

Model 3: The Symbolic Approach

Figure 5.3: The symbolic approach

Relation to the Place

Relation to the Community

Relation to the Practices

Discussion

Value sets

Complementarity

Conclusion

Appendix

Figure 5.3: The symbolic approach

References

6 The Role of Emotions in Consumer Decision Making for Budget City Breaks

Introduction

Literature Review

Figure 6.1: Hansen’s (2005) Integrated CDM Framework.

Figure 6.2: Integrated CDM Framework for short city breaks

Methology

Results

The Dimensions of Short City Break Decision Making

Table 6.1: Dimensions of consumer decision making for budget city breaks N.B. only loadings above .4 are displayed.

Impact of Emotions and the Prediction of Satisfaction and Behavioural Intention

Table 6.2: Regression - level of satisfaction with budget city breaks on the dimensions

Table 6.3: Regression – intention to recommend the city break on the dimensions

Table 6.4: Regression – intention to repurchase the same product on the dimensions

Table 6.5: Regression – intention to purchase a similar product on the dimensions

Discussion

Conclusion

References

7 Tourist Decision Strategies in a Multi-Level Perspective

Introduction

Decision Strategies

Multilevel Decision Making

Figure 7.1 Decision levels in tourist decision making

Methodology

Table 7.1: Description of the three choice alternatives presented to respondents in each scenario

Results

Types of Decision Strategies

Table 7.2: Factor solution for decision strategies (VARIMAX rotation; N=408)

Variables Impacting the use of Decision Strategies

Table 7.3: Comparison of decision strategies across product levelsDifferent letters indicate significant pairwise differences following post-hoc Tukey tests.

Table 7.4: Comparison of decision strategies across social levelsDifferent letters indicate significant pairwize differences following post-hoc Tukey tests.

Table 7.5: Pearson correlations between decision strategies and ageDifferent letters indicate significant pairwize differences following post-hoc Tukey tests.

Table 7.6: Comparison of decision strategies across educational levelDifferent letters indicate significant pairwize differences following post-hoc Tukey tests.

Table 7.7: Pearson correlations between decision strategies and product involvement

Conclusion

References

8 Push Motivations for Tourism Mountain Destinations

Introduction

The Mountain Tourism Push Motivation Scale

Adventure/Excitement

Social/Knowledge

Prestige

Methodology

Data Analysis

Table 8.1: The MTPM Scale – Constructs, scale items and reliabilitiesa= Internal reliability (Cronbach, 1951) ?vc(n) = Variance extracted (Fornell and Larcker, 1981); ?= Composite reliability (Bagozzi, 1980).

Conclusion

Limitations and Directions for Future Research

References

9 Perceived Authenticity of Cultural Heritage Sites: Towards an Integrative Conceptual Model

Introduction

Structural Tensions of the Authenticity Concept in Tourism

Table 9.1: Points and sources of divergence in the conceptualization of authenticity Sources: MacCannell, 1973; Costa and Bamossy, 2001; Goulding, 2000; Peterson, 2005; Wang, 1999; Kim and Jamal, 2007; Yeoman et al., 2007; Bruner, 1994; Chronis and Hampton, 2008; Middleton and Clarke, 2004.

Authenticity in Tourism Management and Marketing

Figure 9.1 Integrative conceptual model of perceived authenticity

Conclusion

References

10 Assessing Mainland Chinese Tourists’ Satisfaction with Hong Kong using the Tourist Satisfaction Index

Introduction

Literature Review

Theoretical Framework of the TSI System

Theoretical Model of Tourist Satisfaction Evaluation

Figure 10.1 The Sectoral Level Tourist Satisfaction Index Model

Calculation of the Overall TSI

Methodology

Table 10.1: Profile of survey respondents

Results

Relationships Satisfaction and its Antecedents

Figure 10.2 The SEM for the Hotel Sector

Figure 10.3 The SEM for the Retail Shop Sector

Figure 10.4 The SEM for Travel Agent Sector

Relationships among Satisfaction and its Consequences

Tourist Characteristics

Computed TSIs

Conclusion

References

11 Angry or Regretful? The Effect of Dissatisfaction on Tourists’ Negative Word of Mouth and Exit

Introduction

Conceptual Framework and Research Hypotheses

Figure 11.1Theoretical model

Methodology

Measures

Reliability and validity assessment

Table 11.1: Reliability and convergent validity of the measurement model

Hotels dataset

Results

Table 11.3: Structural Equation Modeling: causal relations analysis models 1 and 2

Table 11.4: Structural Equation Modeling: causal relations analysis final model

Figure 11.2

Conclusions

References

12 The Concept of Travel Horizon Revisited: Toward More Relevance of Past Travel Experience

Introduction

Methodology

Results

Table 12.1: Past and future destination horizon together with cultural and social relationshipsNote: *) scale ranges from 0 ‘closest to my own culture’, 10 ‘most distant perception’.

Table 12.2: Past and future destination horizon and perceived cultural distance compared by two age groups Note: * significant differences at p < 0.5.

Table 12.3: Summary of regressions explaining 3 years‘ destination planning horizon for society clusters by four different models (R²- and adj.R²-coefficients) Note: regression functions are all significant at a level of at least p < .05; n.s. = ‘not significant’.

Conclusion

References

13 Assessing the International Image of an Urban Destination: the Case of Milan

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology

Table 13.1: The items in the questionnaire

Table 13.2: Respondents’ profile

Data Analysis

Evidence from the Survey

Table 13.3: The variance explained by the nine factors

The Determinants of Milan’s Perceived Image

Differences in Image Determinants According to Tourism Segments

Table 13.4: Differences in the perceived destination’s image according to purpose of the trip

Table 13.5: Accommodation chosen by respondents

Differences in Image Determinants According to Travel Characteristics

The Determinants of an Urban Destination’s International Image

Conclusion

References

14 A Study of Non-visitors: Which Image Do They Hold of Destinations Not Visited?

Introduction

Literature Review

Non-visitors and Tourism

Comparison Between Visitors and Non-visitors

Context of the Study

Methodology

Data Analysis

Table 14.1: Spontaneous terms and drawings regarding Auvergne

Text Content Analysis

Results

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Techniques Used

Conclusion

References

15 Effect of Controllable and Non-controllable Sources of Information on the Image of Turkey

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Methodology

Table 15.1: Descriptive statistics on the level of knowledge regarding Turkey a1 = Not at all informed; 7 = Totally informed

Results

Table 15.2: Paired-samples t-test – data collected pre-stimuli exposure (n = 198) a1 = Negative image; 7 = Positive image.

Table 15.3: Paired-samples t-test – data pre- and post- stimuli exposure (n = 157) a1 = Not at all informed; 7 = Totally informed

Table 15.4: Paired-samples t-test – data pre- and post- stimuli exposure (n = 157) a1 = Negative image; 7 = Positive image. b1 = Lowest preference; 7 = Greatest preference.

Table 15.5: Mean differences between the groups: data post-stimuli exposure (n = 180) a1 = Negative image; 7 = Positive image.

Conclusion

References

16 ‘We’ll All Go Down Together’: the Marketing Response of Australia’s Outback Destination to Recent Declines in Performance

Introduction

The Political Geography of Outback Tourism

Figure 16.1

Methodology

Marketing Analysis

Results

Destination Performance

Table 16.1: Tourism performance indicators, Outback Australia 2001 – 2006

Marketing Analysis

Spirituality and Mysticism

Exploration and Discovery

Plentitude

Exclusiveness

Regional Points of Difference

Conclusion

References

17 The Prospects and Challenges of Positioning Ghana as a Preferred African-American Tourist Destination

Introduction

Table 17.1: Tourism inflows to Ghana by countries 1994-2002Source: Ghana Tourist Board; 2004

Table 17.2: Organisations and stakeholders involved in the promotion of Ghana

Literature Review

Developing a market position strategy for travel destinations

Positioning Ghana: Actions, Prospects and Challenges

Table 17.3: Slogans, clichés and images for positioning Ghana Source: websites of organisations and telephone interview with representatives

Prospects

Challenges

Conclusion

References

18 Sports Tourism and Motorsports – an Exploration

Introduction

Motorsport’s Heritage

Figure 18.2

Tourism-related Motorsport Sponsorship

Specific Examples of Motorsport Tourism

UK - British F1 Grand Prix

USA – Indianapolis

Malaysian – F1 Grand Prix

Table 18.1: Total spectators for Malaysian F1 Grand Prix(Source: Mahathir, 2008)

Australia – Surfers Paradise

UK – Network Q Rally

EIRE – Rallye Ireland

USA – North Carolina

Return on Investment

Table 18.3: Government contributions to and returns on the 2007 Formula 1 Grands Prix (Note: All values are US$.) (i) Figures in brackets denote dollars invested in the local area because of the race, per million dollars invested in the race by the government

Conclusion

References

19 Marketing and Managing Nation Branding during Prolonged Crisis: the Case of Israel

Introduction

Nation’s Image, Branding and Public Diplomacy

Managing a Nation’s Image During Crises

Israel’s International Image 1948-2009

The Multi-step Model for Altering Place Image

Methodology

Qualitative Content Analysis

Results

Source-focused Strategies

Attempting to Influence the Media

Cooperation and Developing Media Relations

Putting Pressure on the Media

Blocking the Media

Alternatives and Substitutes: Replacing the Media

Using the Film Industry

Using Celebrities and Opinion Leaders

‘Come see for Yourself’

The Internet as an Alternative to the Media

Message-focused Strategies

Conveying Opposite Messages to the Problematic Image Characteristics

Multiple Facets, Human Touch and Softening the ‘Hard’ Image

Expanding the Image

Branding Opposite to the Stereotypes

Ridicule the Stereotype

Audience-focused Strategies

Emphasis on Similarities and Relevance

Using Familiar Cultural Symbols

Association with Strong Brands

Using the Multi-step Model to Analyse Israel’s Strategies

Sources Strategy

Audience Strategies

Message strategies

Conclusion

References

20 Is the Strategy of Becoming the Las Vegas of Asia Working for Macau? A Co-branding Perspective

Introduction

Branding Destinations

Destinations and Hotels as Co-branded Choices

Methodology

Results

Table 20.1: Descriptive statistics for DBE and HBE as well as frequency counts for each of the three categories of branded hotelsN.B. Items with loadings of less than.50 suppressed and not shown. Letters and numbers in parentheses indicate corresponding item in the Lassar et al. (1995) scale.

Table 20.2: Factor structure and scale item loadings of destination brand equity (Macau) measures (adapted from Lassar, et al., 1995) N.B. Items with loadings of less than.50 suppressed and not shown. Letters and numbers in parentheses indicate corresponding item in the Lassar et al. (1995) scale.

Table 20.3: Factor structure and scale item loadings of hotel brand equity measures (adapted from Lassar, et al., 1995) N.B. Items with loadings of less than.50 suppressed and not shown. Letters and numbers in parentheses indicate corresponding item in the Lassar et al. (1995) scale.

Table 20.4: Logistic regression analysis (parameter estimates): Category of hotel as a function of destination brand equity (DBE), hotel brand equity (HBE) and primary purpose for visiting

21Towards a Tourism Brand Personality Taxonomy: A Survey of Practices

Introduction

Personality

The Relational Approach to Personality

Consumer Behaviour and Personality

Personality Traits

Personality Taxonomy

Historical Background

The ‘Big-Five’ Model of Personality: Hierarchical Structures

Table 21.1: The five robust dimensions of personality Adapted and extended from Digman (1990: 417-440)

Critical Aspects of the ‘Big-Five’ Model of Personality

Interpretation of the Dimensions

Table 21.2: Psychological five factors versus brand personality scale Adapted from Azoulay A and Kapferer J N. (2003:149)

Personality Applied to the Brand Personality Concept

Conclusion

Future Research

References

22 The Role of Brands in Dialectical Relationships between Destination and Tourist Products

Introduction

Figure 22.1

From ‘Traditional’ Destination Management to Innovative Forms Encountered in Practice

Figure 22.2a Product Union ‘The Adriatic Coast’

Figure 22.3b Product Union ‘Spa and Fitness ’

Figure 22.3c Product Union ‘Appenines and Nature’

Figure 22.3d Product Union ‘Art Cities’

Figure 22.4 STLs, product unions and product clubs postioning matrix.

Destination Brands and Destination Branding

Conclusion

References

23 The Power of Loose Ties – Networking for Market Diversification in Remote Australia

Introduction

Background

Methodology

Figure 23.1 Map of the Flinders Ranges MISSINGSource: adapted from Flinders Ranges and Outback SA Tourism, 2007

Results

The Geotourism Branding Strategy

The 4WD and Repeater Tower Brochure

Quorn Adventures

Cycle Tourism in the Flinders Ranges

Tastes of the Outback

Conclusion

Figure 24.1: Assemblage components

Acknowledgment

References

24 From Marketing to Market Practices: Assembling the Ruin Bars of Budapest

Introduction

From Marketing to Market Theory: Learning from Economic Sociology

The Case of the Rom Bars of Budapest

The Emergence of the Rom Bar Assemblage

Conclusion

Figure 24.1

References

25 Determinants of Hotel Performance: Continental or Worldwide Style?

Introduction

Methodology

Variables

Results

Journals and Years of Publication

Table 25.1: Periods and type of journals.

Dependent Variables

Table 25.1: Periods and type of journals.

Independent Variables

Table 25.3: Independent variables

Research Design

Table 25.4: Research design

Research Styles

Table 25.5: Research styles

European Style

American Style

Asiatic Style

References

26 An Investigation into the Relationship between Marketability of a Destination and the Long-Term Survival of Hawkers

Introduction

Model

Figure 26.1 The relationship between the marketability of the destination and the hawkers’ long-term future.

Marketability of Destination

Visitor Numbers

Number of Hawkers

Primary Research

Approach

Avoidance

Negative Loop

Positive Loop

Conclusion

References